Preheat the oven to 375°F. Lightly butter a 9-inch springform pan (it should be at least 2 inches deep) and line the base with parchment paper.
Break up the chocolate and place it in a heatproof bowl. Set the bowl over a saucepan of gently simmering water, making sure the steam doesn't touch the chocolate and the bottom of the bowl doesn't touch the water. Stir frequently until it is melted, then remove it from the saucepan to cool slightly.
Beat the butter in the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment until smooth, then add the sugar and beat until light and fluffy.
Scrape down the sides of the bowl with a flexible spatula, then mix in the egg yolks, vanilla extract, and salt until well blended. Scrape the bowl again, then stir in the chocolate.
In a clean, grease-free bowl, whisk the egg whites until stiff enough not to fall out of the bowl if it's turned upside down. Don't overbeat, or the egg whites will look dry and lumpy.
Energetically stir ⅓ of the egg whites into the mixture to slacken it, then gently fold in the remaining egg whites until flecks of egg white remain. Sift the flour on top of the mixture, then continue folding until the mixture has no lumps of egg whites or streaks of flour anywhere.
Gently pour the batter into the prepared pan and tap it on the counter a couple times to remove any large air pockets.
Bake in the middle of the oven at 375°F until the cake is risen and a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean, about 26 minutes. Be careful not to overbake, as that will make it dry.
As soon as the cake comes out of the oven, run a thin knife around the edge and turn it out onto a flat surface and let it rest there for 10 seconds or so. This will help flatten the domed top. Then, turn the cake right side up and place on a wire cooling rack until completely cold, approximately 1 hour.